Applications
In this layer, it more focuses on the consumer as a part of the stack. Applications built at this layered architecture will in most cases work very similarly to the ones we have today just as Coinbase works the same as to PayPal.
The consumer will be able to talk to each other because they are built on the decentralized protocol which is a big difference to consumers, wallets can interoperate just like different email applications and bitcoin.
This stack is growing from the bottom up. We had as sequence miners, the Blockchain technology , and bitcoin, and now we’re building everything else on top.
This is a very interesting set of challenges for developers, entrepreneurs, and investors as so much of the value in the current Internet stack will be commoditized by this architecture. The good thing about this layer is that the user is better off thanks to lower or nonexistent take rates, switching costs, individual ownership of data, and consumer market power.